Prostephanus truncatus

(Horn, 1878)

Larger Grain Borer, Greater Grain Borer

, commonly known as the or greater , is a highly destructive in the . to Mexico and Central America where it evolved as a wood-boring , it adapted to become a major pest of stored maize. The was accidentally to Tanzania, Africa in the late 1970s and subsequently spread throughout sub-Saharan Africa, where it additionally adapted to cassava as an . can destroy up to 40% of stored maize in three months and cause estimated losses of 52-74% of stored cassava. Climate modeling indicates potential for further range expansion into the southern United States, South America, and tropical Asia.

Prostephanus truncatus by (c)
Sarah McCaffrey, Museum Victoria, some rights reserved (CC BY). Used under a CC-BY license.

Prostephanus truncatus by (c) CSIRO, some rights reserved (CC BY). Used under a CC-BY license.

Pronunciation

How to pronounce Prostephanus truncatus: /proʊˈstɛfənəs trʌŋˈkeɪtəs/

These audio files are automatically generated. While they are not always 100% accurate, they are a good starting point.

Identification

Distinguished from the lesser (Rhyzopertha dominica) by its substantially larger size—approximately 6 mm versus 3 mm in length. The cylindrical body form is typical of wood-boring . Accurate identification to level requires examination of morphological characters; misidentification with related stored product pests is possible without careful examination.

Images

Appearance

are approximately 6 mm (0.24 in) in length—roughly twice the size of the related lesser (Rhyzopertha dominica) at 3 mm. The body is cylindrical and adapted for boring into wood and stored products. in body size has been documented, with females typically larger than males.

Habitat

Primarily associated with stored maize facilities and dried cassava . The persists in non-agricultural including woodland areas and forests, which facilitates reinfestation of storage facilities after control measures. Can survive in grain storages and the surrounding landscape, making complete difficult.

Distribution

to Mexico and Central America. and established throughout sub-Saharan Africa following initial in Tanzania in the late 1970s; subsequently spread to Togo, Central Africa, Ghana, Benin, Kenya, and major agricultural regions across the continent. Intercepted in the United States (Arizona, California, Texas, Montana, New York, New Jersey, District of Columbia), Canada (Manitoba), and Europe (Germany, France) but no confirmed establishment. Climate models predict potential suitability for the southern United States, South America including Argentina, and tropical regions in Asia.

Diet

Feeds on stored maize and dried cassava chips. In its range, evolved as a wood-boring before adapting to stored products. In Africa, adapted to cassava as an additional .

Host Associations

Zea mays - primary stored maize
Manihot esculenta - dried cassava chips; in Africa

Life Cycle

At optimum conditions of 80% and 32°C (90°F) with available food, completes its lifecycle within 27 days. Development time from to wandering averages 7.54 days; from wandering larvae to averages 11.08 days. Egg to hatching averages 3.2 days. Adult longevity averages 94.33 days.

Behavior

Exhibits strong capability that facilitates ; flight and landing is influenced by wind speed. Can persist in forests and non-agricultural , enabling movement between facilities and wild . Rapid spread and observed following introduction to new regions. More destructive in invaded range than range, possibly due to to local conditions and lack of co-evolved .

Ecological Role

Major pest of stored products with significant economic impact. Subject of efforts, particularly using the predatory Teretrius nigrescens in Africa. Persistence in non-agricultural complicates management and facilitates reinfestation.

Human Relevance

Causes severe economic losses in stored maize and cassava. Estimated to destroy up to 40% of stored maize in three months under favorable conditions. In Africa, estimated losses of stored cassava range from 52-74%. Climate change modeling indicates expanding suitable range, with potential establishment in major corn-producing regions including the U.S. Corn Belt, posing significant biosecurity risk. Management strategies include chemical control, using Teretrius nigrescens, and such as .

Similar Taxa

Rhyzopertha dominicaAlso called the lesser ; distinguished by smaller size (3 mm vs. 6 mm) and less destructive impact
Dinoderus spp.Related wood-borers; P. truncatus was originally described as Dinoderus truncatus

More Details

Climate Change Vulnerability

distribution modeling using MaxEnt indicates that suitable will expand away from the equator and inland under warming climate scenarios, with greatest change expected by 2050. High climate change scenarios (RCP 8.5) predict greater expansion than low scenarios (RCP 2.6).

Biological Control

The predatory Teretrius nigrescens has been in Africa as a agent. alternatives including have shown efficacy comparable to synthetic at appropriate concentrations.