Coenonympha tullia eryngii

Hy.Edwards, 1877

Large Heath butterfly, Bog ringlet

Coenonympha tullia eryngii is a of the Large Heath , a satyrine found in peat bog across northern Europe and North America. This subspecies is part of a complex that shows considerable geographic variation in pattern and size. The is notable for its obligate association with intact bog , making it sensitive to habitat degradation from drainage, burning, and afforestation. are active during summer months and feed on specific grasses in the Cyperaceae .

Pronunciation

How to pronounce Coenonympha tullia eryngii: //siː.npyˈm.fa ˈtʌl.li.ə ɛˈrɪn.dʒi.aɪ//

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Identification

Distinguished from other Coenonympha by its larger size and bog preference. Within the C. tullia complex, eryngii is identified by reduced or absent on the underwing compared to nominate C. t. tullia and other subspecies. May be confused with C. pamphilus (Small Heath) which is smaller, has more prominent eyespots, and occupies drier grassland habitats. C. arcania (Pearly Heath) has distinct on the underwing. Reliable identification to subspecies level requires examination of pattern and geographic location.

Habitat

Specialized to intact peat bog , particularly blanket bogs and raised bogs. Requires wet, acidic conditions with abundant growth of larval plants. Occurs in both lowland and upland bog systems. Sensitive to drying, drainage, and tree encroachment. In Scotland, associated with the Flow Country and similar extensive bog systems.

Distribution

Europe: present in Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and other parts of central and eastern Europe. North America: present. European Union: present. The eryngii has a more restricted distribution within the broader range of C. tullia, which spans northern Eurasia and North America.

Seasonality

, with flying from mid-June to August depending on latitude and elevation. period begins after accumulation of approximately 400 above 7°C following snow melt. timing varies with local climate conditions.

Diet

feed on sedges (Cyperaceae), particularly of Eriophorum (cottongrass) and Carex. feed on nectar from various flowers including Ericaceae and other bog plants.

Host Associations

Eriophorum vaginatum - larval cottongrass, primary in many bog systems
Eriophorum angustifolium - larval common cottongrass
Carex spp. - larval various sedge

Life Cycle

laid singly on stems or leaves. feed internally or externally on host plant tissues, as half-grown . Development resumes in spring; occurs in vegetation or loose soil. emerge in summer, mate, and females oviposit on host plants. Complete cycle takes one year.

Behavior

are weak fliers, typically staying close to the ground in bog vegetation. Males establish territories and perch on prominent vegetation to await females. Both sexes bask with open in sunny conditions. is low and fluttering, rarely exceeding a few meters above ground level. Adults are relatively sedentary, with limited between .

Ecological Role

of bog vegetation. serve as controlling sedge growth. Important for intact bog health. Serves as for birds, , and other . The Bog Sun-jumper spider (Heliophanus dampfi) shares this and both are considered characteristic bog .

Human Relevance

Used as a bioindicator for peatland status. Declining have prompted conservation attention in parts of its range. loss through peat extraction, drainage, burning, and afforestation has reduced suitable habitat. Climate change poses additional threats through bog drying. Conservation efforts on bog restoration and protection from burning.

Similar Taxa

Coenonympha tullia tulliaNominate with more prominent on underwing; occurs in different geographic areas
Coenonympha tullia philipposAnother with distinct pattern elements
Coenonympha pamphilusSmaller size, more prominent , occupies drier grassland rather than bog
Coenonympha arcaniaDistinct on underwing, different preferences

More Details

Conservation status

Dependent on intact bog ; have declined where peatlands have been degraded. In Scotland, associated with the Flow Country, considered the most intact area of blanket bog in the world.

Climate sensitivity

is temperature-dependent, with linked to accumulation. Climate change may disrupt synchronization with phenology.

Subspecies taxonomy

The C. tullia complex shows extensive geographic variation; eryngii is one of several named distinguished by pattern and distribution.