Harpaphe haydeniana

Classification

Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Myriapoda
Class: Diplopoda
Order: Polydesmida
Family: Xystodesmidae
Tribe: Xystodesmini
Genus: Harpaphe
Species: haydeniana

Pronunciation

How to pronounce Harpaphe haydeniana: //hɑrˈpæfi heɪdəˈniːənə//

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Summary

Harpaphe haydeniana, commonly known as the yellow-spotted millipede or almond-scented millipede, is a polydesmidan millipede found primarily along the Pacific coast of North America, known for its toxic cyanide secretion and distinctive coloration.

Physical Characteristics

Harpaphe haydeniana reaches a length of 4–5 centimeters (1.6–2 in) when mature. The upper surface of the body is black to olive green, marked along the sides with patches of yellowish color. It has approximately twenty body segments, bearing a total of 30 (males) or 31 (females) pairs of legs. Males have modified gonopods on the seventh segment for sperm transfer.

Identification Tips

The distinctive black to olive green coloration with contrasting yellow-tipped keels is a key identification feature, along with the cyanide secretion for defense.

Habitat

Moist forests along the Pacific coast of North America, commonly associated with redwood forests.

Distribution

From southeast Alaska to Monterey County, California, as far east as the Sierra Nevada mountains.

Diet

Immature millipedes feed on humus; adults contribute to the breakdown of leaf litter.

Life Cycle

Individuals may live for 2–3 years.

Reproduction

Males have modified gonopods on the seventh segment for sperm transfer, which distinguishes them from females.

Predators

Very few, primarily due to its aposematic coloration and hydrogen cyanide secretion. Promecognathus laevissimus is a known predator.

Ecosystem Role

Important for soil aeration and nutrient recycling in forest ecosystems.

Health Concerns

The cyanide secretions are not dangerous to humans but can cause irritation and pain in sensitive areas like the mouth, eyes, or nose.

Similar Taxa

Misconceptions

Common names such as 'cyanide millipede' can lead to confusion with other millipede species that also secrete cyanide.