Symphrasinae

thorny lacewings

Symphrasinae is a of thorny within (), recently transferred from . It comprises three —Anchieta, Plega, and Trichoscelia—with 60 described distributed exclusively in the New World from the southwestern United States to southern Argentina. Members possess forelegs for capture. The genus Plega has been documented as an of and .

Pronunciation

How to pronounce Symphrasinae: //sɪmfɹəˈsaɪni//

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Identification

Symphrasinae are distinguished from other by thorny or spiny body ornamentation. The three are diagnosed by morphological characters: Anchieta species exhibit -mimicking or -mimicking coloration; Plega species show geographic structuring across three lineages; Trichoscelia species display simplified and conserved that limits phylogenetic resolution. forelegs are present for grasping . and for all 60 species are available in taxonomic revisions.

Distribution

Anchieta: Rica to southern Brazil. Plega: southwestern United States to southern Brazil. Trichoscelia: central and southern Mexico to Argentina. Specific locality documented: Ixcateopan de Cuauhtémoc, Guerrero, Mexico.

Host Associations

Monoctenus cuauhtemoci - ; and are for Plega spinosa

Life Cycle

Primary are mobile and board larvae to complete development. Three possible boarding scenarios have been proposed based on larval and . This supports a lifeway on larvae and of , though this remains a hypothesis under evaluation.

Behavior

documented in Plega: primary actively seek and board larvae. possess forelegs used for grasping. Some Anchieta exhibit : -mimicking species form a , while -mimicking species represent sequential lineages.

Ecological Role

Plega function as regulating of . In juniper forests of Guerrero, Mexico, Plega spinosa was the most abundant parasitoid of Monoctenus cuauhtemoci, suggesting potential as a agent for sawfly pests in economically important timber forests.

Human Relevance

Plega spinosa identified as a potential candidate for affecting Juniperus flaccida ( cedar) forests, which hold economic importance for the wood industry in Guerrero, Mexico.

Similar Taxa

MantispidaeSymphrasinae was formerly classified within ; both share forelegs due to , but Symphrasinae has been transferred to based on phylogenetic analysis
Rhachiberothidae (other subfamilies)Other lack the thorny body ornamentation characteristic of Symphrasinae

More Details

Taxonomic history

Symphrasinae was recently transferred from to based on phylogenetic evidence. The contains three : Anchieta (11 ), Plega (28 species), and Trichoscelia (21 species). Twenty-three species were newly described in the 2022 taxonomic revision.

Phylogenetic relationships

Morphological phylogenetic analysis recovered Anchieta as sister to Plega + Trichoscelia. Within Anchieta, show phylogenetic patterning: -mimicking are , while -mimicking species form a laddered grade. Within Plega, three geographic lineages were recovered corresponding to South/Mesoamerica, Central America/central-southern Mexico, and central-northern Mexico/southwestern United States.