Amblyomma americanum

Linnaeus, 1758

Lone Star Tick, Northeastern Water Tick, Turkey Tick, Cricker Tick

Amblyomma americanum is a three- hard to eastern North America, notable for its aggressive host-seeking and expanding geographic range. females are distinguished by a silvery- star-shaped spot on the , while males display white streaks or spots at the shield margins. The is the primary of Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Ehrlichia ewingii, and its bite can induce alpha-gal —a delayed allergic reaction to mammalian meat. Unlike many ticks, A. americanum exhibits active horizontal movement rather than passive , traveling up to 9 meters in 24 hours in field conditions.

Amblyomma americanum by (c) Nathan May, some rights reserved (CC BY), uploaded by Nathan May. Used under a CC-BY license.

Amblyomma americanum by (c) Katja Schulz, some rights reserved (CC BY). Used under a CC-BY license.

Amblyomma americanum P1210460b by
xpda. Used under a CC BY-SA 4.0 license.

Pronunciation

How to pronounce Amblyomma americanum: /ˌæm.bliˈɒm.ə ə.ˌmɛr.ɪˈkeɪ.nəm/

These audio files are automatically generated. While they are not always 100% accurate, they are a good starting point.

Identification

females are readily identified by the single or off-white star-shaped spot centered on the portion of the . Adult males lack this central spot, instead showing scattered white streaks or spots at the scutum margins. The has notably long mouthparts compared to some other common . and lack the distinctive star marking and require microscopic examination for definitive identification.

Images

Habitat

Wooded areas with dense underbrush and leaf litter, particularly second-growth forests. Strongly associated with -tailed deer . Also occupies ecotonal zones between forest and grassland, and areas with thick vegetation such as briars and understory plants. In Missouri Ozark forests, and are more abundant in valleys and on north-facing slopes than on ridges or south-facing slopes.

Distribution

to eastern and southeastern United States; historical range extended from Iowa, Illinois, Ohio, West Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, and New Jersey southward. Range has expanded northward since the mid-20th century into Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Pennsylvania, New York, New England states, and southern Ontario, Canada. Western expansion has also occurred. Present in Mexico. Predicted to continue expanding under climate change scenarios.

Seasonality

Active during warmer months; activity increases when temperatures rise above freezing threshold. In temperate regions, activity begins in late winter to early spring and extends through autumn. Activity suppressed below 7°F (-14°C), with leaf litter and snow providing insulation for survival.

Diet

Obligate blood-feeding ; requires blood meal at each active . -seeking driven by of carbon dioxide, heat, vibration, and chemical cues via Haller's organ on forelegs.

Host Associations

White-tailed deer - primary Primary for ; driver of tick abundance and distribution
Wild turkeys - for stagesCommon for and in some Midwestern states; source of 'turkey '
Humans - incidental Bites aggressively at all ; frequently reported biting humans in southeastern and south-central US
Domestic livestock - Cattle, horses, goats; significant pest in agricultural settings
Dogs - Companion animal
Small mammals and birds - for stages and feed on birds, small rodents, and other small mammals
Feral nilgai antelope - Documented in Texas coastal plains

Life Cycle

Three- with : , , , . Each active stage feeds on a different host individual. Eggs laid on ground in leaf litter or mulch; larvae hatch and quest for host, feed 1–3 days, drop off and to nymph. Nymph quests, feeds 5–10 days, drops off and molts to adult. Adult quests; male takes repeated small blood meals and mates repeatedly on host; female feeds 8–20 days, engorges fully, drops off, converts blood meal to eggs (up to 5,000–20,000), lays eggs, and dies. Total spans 6–18 months or longer, with delaying development in response to seasonal conditions.

Behavior

Exhibits active hunting rather than passive alone. Capable of horizontal movement: travels up to 9 meters (mean 3.2 m) in 24 hours in field conditions, and up to 36 meters (mean 70.4 m) in laboratory conditions. Detectable in environment for up to 14 days after release. Prefers on ground to climbing vertical structures. Questing posture involves climbing vegetation and extending forelegs to detect passing . Can survive extended periods off-host without feeding by extracting moisture from humid air.

Ecological Role

of multiple human and animal including Ehrlichia chaffeensis (human monocytic ), Ehrlichia ewingii (human and canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis), Francisella tularensis (), amblyommii, Coxiella burnetii, and Heartland virus. Implicated in Southern -Associated Rash Illness (STARI), possibly associated with Borrelia lonestari. Bite induces alpha-gal , altering human dietary . Serves as food source for and potentially other .

Human Relevance

Major public health and veterinary concern due to aggressive biting and transmission. Bites are painless and often unnoticed; may remain attached up to seven days. Primary of in the United States. Bite can trigger alpha-gal , causing delayed anaphylactic reactions to mammalian meat (beef, pork, lamb) and products containing galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose. Allergic reactions typically occur 3–6 hours after consumption and may include hives, gastrointestinal , or life-threatening anaphylaxis. Not a competent vector of (Borrelia burgdorferi); tick saliva appears to destroy this .

Similar Taxa

Ixodes scapularis (blacklegged tick)Similar size and ; distinguished by lack of star spot, shorter mouthparts, and black legs. Primary of , which A. americanum does not transmit.
Dermacentor variabilis (American dog tick)Overlapping range and ; distinguished by with whitish markings on dark background but lacking central star, and shorter mouthparts. of .
Amblyomma maculatum (Gulf Coast tick)Congeneric with similar ; distinguished by distribution (primarily southern coastal plains) and associations. of parkeri rickettsiosis.

Misconceptions

Long presumed capable of transmitting ; comprehensive review of over 60 studies and 52,000 confirms A. americanum is not a competent of Borrelia burgdorferi. The name 'lone star tick' refers to the scutal spot, not Texas. STARI (Southern Tick-Associated Rash Illness) produces Lyme-like rash but is clinically distinct and less severe.