Tetraopes femoratus

LeConte, 1847

Red-femured Milkweed Borer

is a ( ) in the Lamiinae, described by John Lawrence LeConte in 1847. It is one of several North borer in the Tetraopes, all of which are specialized feeders on milkweeds (Asclepias spp.). The occurs across western and central North America from Canada to Mexico, with records from the western United States and Great Plains region. are typically encountered in late summer and fall, with September records from Oklahoma and late August observations from sagebrush in Nevada.

Tetraopes femoratus by (c) Hopper Museum, some rights reserved (CC BY), uploaded by Hopper Museum. Used under a CC-BY license.

Tetraopes femoratus P1480183a by
xpda. Used under a CC BY-SA 4.0 license.

Red-femured Milkweed Borer - Tetraopes femoratus, near Bassetts, California by Judy Gallagher. Used under a CC BY 2.0 license.

Pronunciation

How to pronounce Tetraopes femoratus: //ˌtɛtˈreɪ.oʊˌpiːz fɛmˈɔr.ə.təs//

These audio files are automatically generated. While they are not always 100% accurate, they are a good starting point.

Identification

can be distinguished from other North Tetraopes by the combination of red and specific elytral color patterns. It is most similar to Tetraopes tetrophthalmus (the common borer of eastern North America), but occurs in different geographic regions and shows differences in markings. The Tetraopes is readily recognized by the four —two on each side of the , with the upper pair smaller and the lower pair larger, a consequence of the pronounced constriction between the eyes and the that gives these their "tetraopes" (four-eyed).

Images

Appearance

have elongated bodies typical of , with that are long though not necessarily exceeding body length. The "red-femured" refers to reddish coloration on the (thighs) of the legs. As with other Tetraopes , the body is marked with contrasting patterns of black and red or orange. The (hardened ) bear distinctive coloration that helps distinguish this species from .

Habitat

Found in association with plants, particularly in prairie, sagebrush, and open woodland . In the western United States, has been observed in sagebrush habitat below the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada. In the Great Plains, occurs in shortgrass prairie and sand dune habitats where milkweeds are present.

Distribution

North America: recorded from western and central United States, southern Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba), and Mexico. Specific localities include northwestern Oklahoma, Nevada, and the Great Plains region. The has a transcontinental distribution across western North America.

Seasonality

active in late summer and fall. records indicate peak activity in August and September. In Oklahoma, observed in late August on Asclepias engelmanniana. In Nevada, searched for but not found on Asclepias speciosa in early September, suggesting possible geographic or temporal variation in activity periods.

Diet

feed internally in the roots and stems of plants (Asclepias spp.). feed on milkweed foliage, flowers, and seed pods. Specific plants documented include Asclepias latifolia ( milkweed), Asclepias engelmanniana (Engelmann's milkweed), and Asclepias speciosa (showy milkweed).

Host Associations

Asclepias latifolia - larval observed on this in shortgrass prairie
Asclepias engelmanniana - larval collected on seed pods in late August in Oklahoma
Asclepias speciosa - probable larval searched for on this in Nevada but none found

Life Cycle

with , larval, pupal, and stages. are root and in plants. Adults emerge in late summer. The is closely tied to milkweed , with larvae developing within tissues and adults appearing when milkweeds are in flower or seed.

Behavior

are and active during daylight hours. They are strong fliers and readily between plants. When approached, adults may attempt to escape by flying or dropping from plants. Adults have been observed mating on milkweed seed pods. The are aposematically colored, advertising their unpalatability derived from milkweed toxins sequestered from their host plants.

Ecological Role

As a on , participates in the milkweed of that have evolved to cardenolide toxins. The serves as a model for studying between insects and toxic plants. and may influence milkweed through , though their impact is typically limited by pressure and competition with other milkweed-feeding insects.

Human Relevance

has no significant economic importance. It is occasionally encountered by and naturalists studying . The , like other , is protected from vertebrate by sequestered milkweed toxins and serves as an example of aposematic (warning) coloration in insects. It is not considered a pest of ornamental or agricultural milkweeds.

Similar Taxa

Tetraopes tetrophthalmusSimilar size, coloration, and biology, but occurs primarily in eastern North America and shows differences in elytral pattern
Tetraopes basalisAnother western with overlapping range; distinguished by differences in leg and elytral coloration
Tetraopes varicornisOccurs in southwestern North America; similar association but differs in antennal and leg coloration

More Details

Toxicity and chemical defense

Like other -feeding , sequesters cardenolide toxins from its Asclepias plants. These cardiac glycosides render the unpalatable to vertebrate , a defense advertised by their conspicuous aposematic coloration. The bright red and black patterns serve as honest signals of chemical defense.

Taxonomic history

The was described by John Lawrence LeConte in 1847, one of the most prolific describers of North in the 19th century. LeConte described numerous species and established the taxonomic foundation for much of North American beetle .

Collecting notes

In field , are best sought by sweeping or hand-searching plants during late summer and early fall. They are most readily found on flowering or fruiting milkweeds. The appears to be less abundant and more patchily distributed than some eastern Tetraopes species, possibly reflecting the more arid it occupies.