Phosphine-resistance
Guides
Liposcelis brunnea
booklouse, brown booklouse
Liposcelis brunnea is a globally distributed booklouse and significant stored-product pest. It is the phylogenetic sister group to parasitic lice and possesses exceptional resistance to insecticides and fumigants, particularly phosphine. The species can survive heat treatment and has been maintained in laboratory culture for over 100 generations. Its genome shows expansion of chemosensory gene families and detoxification enzymes compared to parasitic lice.
Liposcelis entomophila
booklouse
Liposcelis entomophila is a small psocid species commonly known as a booklouse. It is a significant pest of stored grain products, with documented infestations in wheat and other stored foods. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in development, with females passing through four nymphal stages and males through three. It has developed notable resistance to phosphine fumigants used in grain storage, with resistant factors of 40- to 80-fold reported in Chinese populations. The species has a broad global distribution spanning six continents.
Rhyzopertha dominica
Lesser Grain Borer, American Wheat Weevil, Australian Wheat Weevil, Stored Grain Borer
Rhyzopertha dominica, the lesser grain borer, is a monotypic species in the family Bostrichidae and one of the most destructive pests of stored cereal grains worldwide. It is particularly damaging to wheat, but also infests corn, rice, sorghum, peanuts, and other stored products. The beetle is known for its ability to bore directly into intact kernels, causing both quantitative weight loss and qualitative degradation through contamination. Its global distribution in grain storage facilities makes it a major target of integrated pest management programs, with populations showing increasing resistance to phosphine fumigants and other chemical controls.