Patrol-behavior

Guides

• Anthocharis lanceolata

  Gray Marble

  Anthocharis lanceolata, commonly known as the gray marble, is a butterfly species in the family Pieridae. First described by Hippolyte Lucas in 1852, this species occurs along the west coast of North America from Canada to the United States. Like other members of the genus Anthocharis, males typically display orange or yellow wing tips. The species is part of a group known for hilltopping behavior, where males patrol ridge tops and summits seeking females.

  LepidopteraPieridaebutterflyhilltoppingNorth-Americawest-coastorange-tippatrol-behaviorscramble-competition-polygyny

• Vespula infernalis

  cuckoo yellowjacket, American cuckoo yellowjacket

  Vespula infernalis is an obligate social parasite (inquiline) that invades and usurps colonies of other yellowjacket species, primarily Vespula acadica in North America. Unlike most parasitic wasps, it exhibits intensely aggressive behavior during colony takeover, using specialized morphological adaptations including a large, heavily curved stinger to subdue host workers. The species lacks a worker caste and cannot build nests or rear its own young, instead forcing host workers to feed and care for its brood through dominance behaviors including mauling and forced trophallaxis.

  social-parasiteinquilinecuckoo-waspyellowjacketaggressive-parasitismVespulaHymenopteraNearcticboreal-forestVespula-acadicaforced-trophallaxismauling-behaviorcurved-stingerno-worker-casteobligate-parasitismDufour's-glandoogenesis-suppressionfourth-mandibular-toothKimsey-&-Carpenter-2012Vespula-austriaca-sister-speciesshort-flight-seasonJune-to-SeptemberCanadaUnited-StatesAlaskaNew-JerseyMichiganWisconsinNorth-DakotaNew-MexicoArizonaCaliforniastable-populationsubterranean-nestshost-queen-usurpationhost-worker-manipulationreproductive-monopolyvenom-paralyzes-hostsminimal-foragingno-nest-constructionno-thermoregulation-behavioregg-laying-on-comb-exteriorautumn-queen-productionlonger-hibernation-than-hostspreusurpation-phasequeen-reared-worker-stage-invasionpost-emergence-colony-stage-invasionpatrol-behaviorcell-inspectiondominance-assertionevolutionary-strategy-kill-older-workers-firstworker-oviposition-suppressiongastral-draggingoophagy-absenttrophallaxis-solicitationforced-feeding-1-43-secondsvenom-LD50-20-30-mg/kg-workersvenom-LD50-81-mg/kg-queensvenom-not-more-lethal-than-non-parasitic-congenersDufour's-gland-hypertrophyclear-oily-gland-materialreproductive-organs-include-ovaries-poison-gland-Dufour's-glandnew-fall-wasps-empty-glandolder-wasps-flat-gland-with-little-oiloviposition-interrupted-by-workersmauling-response-to-interruption2012-species-recognitionpre-2012-literature-as-V.-austriacaNearctic-endemicboreal-region-specialisthost-nest-size-reductionecosystem-impact-through-host-suppressionChris-Alice-Kratzer-The-Social-Wasps-of-North-AmericaiNaturalist-observationsGBIF-accepted-taxonomyde-Saussure-1854-original-descriptionKimsey-Carpenter-2012-revisionVespidae-familyHymenoptera-orderInsecta-classArthropoda-phylumAnimalia-kingdomspecies-rankcuckoo-yellowjacket-common-nameAmerican-cuckoo-yellowjacket-alternative-name76-iNaturalist-observationsstable-conservation-statusnot-rare-throughout-rangeall-Canadian-provinces-territorieswestern-US-distributioneastern-US-distributionsubterranean-host-nestsrotting-stump-host-nestsenclosed-space-host-nestsqueen-paralysis-during-usurpationworker-injury-during-invasionantennal-damageleg-damagehost-queen-mandible-restrainthost-worker-mandible-defensealarm-pheromone-contextmultiple-stings-limitedbarbed-stinger-presentstinger-loss-during-attackfatal-attack-sacrificevenom-evolution-vertebrate-painSchmidt-Sting-Pain-Index-not-ratedice-treatment-for-stingsallergic-reaction-medical-attentiondesensitization-therapy-availablepest-control-commercial-operatorsaerosol-spray-evening-applicationnest-avoidance-recommendednest-elimination-if-threateningclear-bottles-drink-safetydrink-boxes-straws-childrenpicnic-trash-container-avoidancefood-covering-recruitment-reductiongentle-brushing-vs-swattingalarm-pheromone-releasechemical-attack-signalwalking-away-escape-strategybush-walking-evasion-tacticlate-summer-autumn-aggressioncolony-size-thousands-workersfootball-size-nestsperennial-nests-southern-statesVolkswagen-Beetle-nest-reportsmultiple-queens-perennial-coloniesHawaiian-invasive-V.-pensylvanica-contextGerman-yellowjacket-V.-germanica-contextEastern-yellowjacket-V.-maculifrons-contextSouthern-yellowjacket-V.-squamosa-contextWestern-yellowjacket-V.-pensylvanica-contextpaper-wasp-Polistes-dominula-contextEuropean-paper-wasp-introducedWestern-yellowjacket-not-Pennsylvaniaspecies-name-mislabel-originyellowjacket-diversity-208-species22-genera-social-wasps900-color-illustrations-field-guideiNaturalist-community-science-platformCornell-University-Insect-Collection-researchtaxonomic-paper-readinggenetic-barcode-software-alignment1000-hours-iNaturalist-observationsOwlfly-LLC-publishingmechanical-engineering-backgroundclimate-change-mitigation-focusnatural-pest-control-ecosystem-servicepollination-ecosystem-servicecaterpillar-prey-primary-foodgrasshopper-cricket-katydid-moth-butterfly-beetle-fly-earthworm-lanternfly-cockroach-smaller-wasp-small-spider-cicada-preytiny-waist-liquid-feeding-constraintmandible-prey-dismembermentlarval-secretion-dependency-other-queensV.-infernalis-liquid-food-dependencyhost-worker-secretion-solicitationminimal-larval-solicitationforceful-feeding-foreleg-grabbingcomb-pushing-aggressive-feedingtrophallaxis-intensity-decline-later-stagesworker-escape-forced-encountersshort-trophallaxis-1-5-secondslong-trophallaxis-43-secondsvenom-apparatus-shaft-aculeus-Dufour's-gland-venom-glandsvenom-reservoir-size-largest-femalesDufour's-gland-size-largest-femalesoily-venom-extraction-experimentV.-pensylvanica-worker-venom-testV.-pensylvanica-queen-venom-testvenom-paralysis-flying-impairmentvenom-third-supply-worker-killvenom-queen-kill-more-requiredvenom-lethality-comparable-non-parasitesDufour's-gland-material-no-poisonreproductive-organ-complexpreusurpation-gland-clear-oilynew-fall-wasp-gland-empty-flatolder-wasp-gland-flat-little-oilhypertrophy-evidence-neededoviposition-brief-periodegg-placement-varied-locationsworker-interruption-rare-instanceegg-loss-from-cellbrood-care-host-worker-exclusiveno-parasite-brood-careno-parasite-foraging-behaviorno-parasite-nest-buildingno-parasite-larval-feedingno-parasite-thermoregulation-fanningno-parasite-warming-posturesenemy-attack-parasite-remains-insideno-parasite-nest-defensereproductive-suppression-evidence-multipleworker-oogenesis-halt-substancesoviposition-site-patrollingaggression-reduced-with-suppressionreproductive-monopoly-assertionevolutionary-favorable-strategy-older-worker-eliminationyounger-worker-retention-brood-caredominance-display-early-occupationdominance-display-absent-latermauling-post-trophallaxissolicitation-chasing-initiationrare-foraging-observationno-cell-building-observationno-larval-feeding-observationno-thermoregulation-assistance-observationinternal-nest-retention-enemy-attackworker-oviposition-absence-parasitized-nestsaggression-reduction-expectation-contrastmauling-behavior-reduction-indicationfrequent-aggression-reproductive-monopolycell-patrol-oviposition-defenseDufour's-gland-oogenesis-preventionsubstance-release-gastral-draggingeffective-worker-reproduction-haltnormal-worker-oviposition-aggression-absentparasite-behavior-evidence-synthesismorphological-adaptation-summarybehavioral-adaptation-summaryecological-interaction-summarytaxonomic-history-summarydistribution-range-summaryseasonal-activity-summarylife-history-summaryhuman-interaction-nullconservation-status-stableresearch-needs-Dufour's-gland-hypertrophyresearch-needs-venom-compositionresearch-needs-population-impactfield-guide-coverage-Kratzer-2020observation-platform-iNaturalist-76-recordstaxonomic-authority-GBIF-acceptedoriginal-description-Saussure-1854modern-revision-Kimsey-Carpenter-2012literature-update-lag-pre-2012-sourcessister-species-austriaca-distinctionmorphological-convergence-austriacabiological-convergence-austriacageographic-separation-Nearctic-Palearctichost-specificity-acadica-primaryhost-range-potential-other-Vespulainvasion-timing-queen-reared-worker-stageinvasion-vulnerability-host-nest-stagepost-emergence-colony-stage-alternativehost-defense-worker-aggression-variationhost-queen-aggression-variationparasite-success-factors-morphologicalparasite-success-factors-behavioralparasite-success-factors-timingcolony-takeover-mechanism-physical-combatcolony-takeover-mechanism-chemical-dominancecolony-maintenance-mechanism-behavioral-suppressioncolony-maintenance-mechanism-reproductive-monopolyenergetic-strategy-forced-feedingenergetic-strategy-minimal-investmentreproductive-strategy-egg-placement-variationreproductive-strategy-brief-oviposition-windowdevelopmental-strategy-host-worker-dependencysocial-structure-absence-worker-castesocial-structure-queen-only-parasitesocial-structure-host-worker-exploitationevolutionary-context-inquiline-specializationevolutionary-context-parasitic-wasp-diversityevolutionary-context-Vespula-radiationecological-context-boreal-forest-communityecological-context-host-parasite-dynamicsecological-context-colony-size-impactmanagement-context-nest-avoidancemanagement-context-professional-controlmanagement-context-safety-precautionspublic-health-sting-avoidancepublic-health-allergic-responsepublic-health-venom-toxicityeducation-context-species-recognitioneducation-context-literature-awarenesseducation-context-taxonomic-updates