Male-territoriality
Guides
Cardiocondyla venustula
Larger Black Sneaking Ant
Cardiocondyla venustula is a small myrmicine ant native to Africa, with introduced populations in the Caribbean and North America. The species belongs to the C. shuckardi group and exhibits an intermediate reproductive strategy among congeners, with wingless males that attack freshly eclosing rivals but rarely engage in lethal combat with established competitors. Instead, males establish and defend small territories within their natal nests. The species shows considerable genetic diversity across its native range, with multiple mtDNA lineages detected in South Africa, Angola, and Côte d'Ivoire that are morphologically and nuclearly similar, indicating a complex taxonomic history.
Cerceris clypeata
weevil wasp
Cerceris clypeata is a solitary weevil wasp in the family Crabronidae, found in North America. Males exhibit probable marking behavior on grass stems and vegetation using cephalic gland secretions, a trait rarely recorded in this genus but common in the subfamily Philanthinae. The species is closely related to other Cerceris wasps that specialize on particular prey groups, though specific prey associations for C. clypeata remain undocumented.