Paradoxosomatidae

Classification

Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Myriapoda
Class: Diplopoda
Order: Polydesmida
Family: Paradoxosomatidae

Pronunciation

How to pronounce Paradoxosomatidae: //ˌpæɹəˌdɒksɔˈsɒmətɪdiː//

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Summary

Paradoxosomatidae is the only family in the suborder Paradoxosomatidea (Strongylosomatidea), comprising nearly 1000 species of flat-backed millipedes, recognized for their distinct dorsal grooves and numerous introduced species worldwide.

Physical Characteristics

Most species possess grooves or furrows on the dorsal surface between the keels (paranota) on each segment, with the keels of the second body segment situated lower than those of the first (collum) and third segment. Males have characteristic hourglass or dumb-bell shaped gonopod apertures with projections on the sternite of the fifth body segment. Adults typically have 19 or 20 body segments in addition to the head.

Identification Tips

Distinguished by dorsal grooves on most body segments and dumb-bell shaped gonopod apertures unique to males. Look for ozopores on segments 5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, and 15.

Habitat

Paradoxosomatids are typically found in various habitats, mostly associated with agricultural settings or greenhouses, and are often located in tropical regions.

Distribution

Found on all continents except Antarctica. Most species in North America are introduced, while examples like the greenhouse millipede, Oxidus gracilis, are globally widespread.

Diet

Herbivorous, typically feeding on decaying plant material and detritus.

Life Cycle

Life cycle specifics are not detailed, but like many millipedes, they undergo a series of molts as they grow into adults, typically reaching maturity in a year or more depending on species and environmental conditions.

Reproduction

Males possess gonopods for reproduction; specific details on reproductive behavior are not provided.

Ecosystem Role

As decomposers, Paradoxosomatidae play a role in nutrient cycling by breaking down organic matter.

Economic Impact

Some species, like the greenhouse millipede, can be pests in agricultural contexts, potentially damaging crops.

Evolution

The family is characterized by significant evolutionary diversity, with about 975 species currently valid and classified into numerous genera and subfamilies.

Similar Taxa

Misconceptions

Paradoxosomatid millipedes are often confused with centipedes due to their elongate body shape, but they differ significantly in body structure and behavior.