Enallagma civile

(Hagen, 1861)

Familiar Bluet

Enallagma civile, commonly known as the familiar bluet, is a narrowwinged to much of the United States and southern Canada. This is a and predatory that has been extensively studied as a model organism for understanding climate change effects on aquatic . Research indicates that rising water temperatures significantly impact its development, survival, and body size, with temperatures above 38°C causing substantial mortality. The species produces multiple per year and serves as to various including Arrenurus water and gregarine protozoans.

Enallagma civile by (c) Sam Kieschnick, some rights reserved (CC BY), uploaded by Sam Kieschnick. Used under a CC-BY license.

Enallagma civile by the Smithsonian. Used under a CC0 license.

Enallagma civile female by Philip Garmen. Used under a Public domain license.

Pronunciation

How to pronounce Enallagma civile: /ɛnəˈlæɡmə sɪˈvɪli/

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Images

Habitat

Found in freshwater wetlands, particularly the playas of the southern U.S. plains states—intermittent lakes that periodically dry and recharge with rainfall. Occupies a variety of aquatic including ponds and wetlands in grassland and cropland contexts. Habitat capable of living in diverse conditions.

Distribution

to much of the United States and southern Canada. Present in North America, Middle America, Caribbean, South America, and Oceania according to distribution records. Documented from Texas playas and wetlands throughout the Great Plains region.

Diet

Predatory. Both and are predatory. Nymphs use prehensile foldable lower lip to capture .

Host Associations

Arrenurus water mites - of 38.46% observed; average load ~11 per infected
Actinocephalus carrilynnae - Gregarine protozoan infecting both and
Eugregarines - Structural interactions documented with epithelium

Life Cycle

to development takes approximately 26 days at 32°C and 33 days at 26°C. Produces multiple per year. are aquatic and undergo .

Ecological Role

Serves as an for climate change effects in wetland . Acts as in aquatic . Functions as in within temporally dynamic wetland networks.

Human Relevance

Studied as a model organism for understanding climate change impacts on aquatic . Used in bioassessment research related to wetland health and climate projection studies.

Similar Taxa

Ischnura verticalisBoth serve as for similar eugregarine with comparable epimerite-host epithelium relationships

More Details

Climate Change Vulnerability

Laboratory studies show drops to 25% at 41°C versus 60-65% at lower temperatures. at 41°C experienced 100% mortality by day 4. Warmer temperatures accelerate development but reduce survival and body size.

Parasite Ecology

Land-cover context affects load: cropland playas showed higher intensity than grassland playas in one study year, suggesting disturbance influences -parasite dynamics.