Archipini

Pierce & Metcalfe, 1922

Archipini is the largest tribe in the Tortricinae , comprising over 1,600 described across approximately 150 . Members are found in all ecoregions globally, though with notably reduced diversity in the . The tribe contains numerous economically significant agricultural and forestry pests, including the light apple (Epiphyas postvittana) and (Choristoneura species). are frequently . Phylogenetic evidence supports an Australasian origin for the tribe.

Epiphyas by no rights reserved, uploaded by Joe Carmichael. Used under a CC0 license.

Clepsis fucana by (c) Ken-ichi Ueda, some rights reserved (CC BY), uploaded by Ken-ichi Ueda. Used under a CC-BY license.

Clepsis virescana by (c) Annika Lindqvist, some rights reserved (CC BY), uploaded by Annika Lindqvist. Used under a CC-BY license.

Pronunciation

How to pronounce Archipini: //ˌɑːrˈkɪpɪˌnaɪ//

These audio files are automatically generated. While they are not always 100% accurate, they are a good starting point.

Identification

provides primary diagnostic characters at the generic and level: in females, the shape of anales and configuration of the sterigma and ductus bursae; in males, the structure of valvae, , and uncus. External morphology varies considerably across ; many species exhibit that can complicate sex association based on external characters alone. COI barcode data has been used for species delimitation and associating sexes. The tribe is distinguished from other Tortricinae tribes primarily by genitalic and molecular characters rather than consistent external .

Images

Habitat

breadth varies widely across the tribe. Caribbean Archipini are predominantly restricted to mid- to high elevations on mountainous islands, with high driven by topographic complexity; only five non-Mictopsichia group have been recorded from coastal elevations. The Mictopsichia group occurs at lower elevations and exhibits . Global distribution spans all ecoregions from temperate to tropical zones.

Distribution

distribution across all ecoregions, with highest diversity in the Palearctic, Nearctic, and Australasian regions. Notably depauperate in the . Caribbean fauna comprises 33 with extreme insular —majority restricted to single mountain ranges, only five species known from more than one island or archipelago. Documented from Taiwan, India, and throughout the Caribbean (Lucayan Archipelago, Greater Antilles including Cayman Islands, Lesser Antilles excluding Trinidad & Tobago and Leeward Antilles).

Diet

are often . Specific associations documented for some : Scotiophyes subtriangulata has documented host plant associations (plant not specified in available source). Many species are economically important pests on agricultural and forest trees.

Behavior

has been documented in the Mictopsichia group. Marked occurs in some , complicating morphological association between sexes. A unique external sexual coupling mechanism has been described in Claduncaria.

Human Relevance

Contains numerous economically important pests. The light apple (Epiphyas postvittana) is a major pest of agriculture and horticulture, subject to extensive and control efforts. (Choristoneura ) are significant defoliators of coniferous forests with major economic impacts on forestry. Many other species damage fruit , ornamentals, and forest trees.

Similar Taxa

Other Tortricinae tribesArchipini is distinguished from co-occurring tribes in Tortricinae primarily by genitalic and molecular characters; external morphology is highly variable and often convergent across tribes. The tribe is notably larger in than other Tortricinae tribes.
Mictopsichia group (Mictopsichia, Mictocommosis, Rubropsichia, etc.)Considered likely polyphyletic and questionably placed within Archipini based on phylogenetic analyses; differs in (lower elevation distribution, ) and may warrant separate tribal status pending further study.

More Details

Taxonomic instability

Many remain unassigned to tribes within , making genus lists provisional. Recent phylogenetic studies have prompted several taxonomic changes: Archepandemis synonymized with Pandemis; Cudonigera synonymized with Choristoneura; Anaphelia, Sacaphelia, and Zelotherses elevated to genus rank from subgenera of Aphelia. Epiphyas may be subordinate within Clepsis but requires further study.

Phylogenetic studies

based on 28S rDNA and COI (135 exemplar ) supports Australasian origin for the tribe. Absence of secondary sexual characters was associated with decreased breadth and of the New World, but not with presence of other secondary sexual characters.

Secondary sexual structures

The tribe exhibits diverse secondary sexual characters whose evolutionary correlates have been explicitly tested. Mapping of these characters onto reveals complex patterns of gain and loss associated with biogeographic and ecological shifts.