Hodges#4197

Pieris rapae

Classification

Pronunciation

How to pronounce Pieris rapae: //ˈpiː.ɛ.rɪs ˈræ.peɪ//

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Images

Summary

Pieris rapae, commonly known as the cabbage white or small white, is an invasive butterfly species known for its larvae that are pests to cruciferous crops. It has a broad distribution and is highly adaptable to various habitats, known for rapid population growth and significant ecological and economic impacts.

Physical Characteristics

Wingspan 30-50 mm; adult upperside white or pale yellowish-white with black tips on forewings; females have two black spots on forewings, males have one; undersides of forewings white with yellowish apex and two black discal spots; underside of hindwing uniformly pale yellow. Larvae are green or bluish-green with a thin yellow dorsal line and pairs of yellow spots with black central dots; body covered with short fine hair.

Identification Tips

Look for white or pale yellowish-white wings with black markings; females have two distinct black spots on forewings.

Habitat

Found in diverse habitats including bogs, meadows, woods, and backyard gardens, preferring open areas but can also be found in treed areas.

Distribution

Native to Europe, Asia, and North Africa; accidentally introduced to North America, New Zealand, and Australia.

Diet

Caterpillars feed primarily on cruciferous plants including cabbage and kale; adults nectar from various flowers including mustard and dandelion.

Life Cycle

Eggs are laid singly on host leaves; larvae pass through several instars before pupating; overwinter as pupae inside chrysalises.

Reproduction

Females lay single eggs on the undersides of host leaves; can produce more than 800 eggs with a life cycle resulting in two to three generations per year in some regions.

Predators

Birds such as house sparrow, goldfinch, and skylark; influenced by predation from arthropods in rural areas.

Ecosystem Role

Pollinator of various flowering plants; serves as a food source for predators such as birds and parasitic wasps.

Economic Impact

Considered a significant pest of crucifer crops, causing economic damage in agricultural sectors.

Cultural Significance

Known in Europe and North America as the cabbage white; significant species for studies in ecology and agriculture due to its pest status.

Collecting Methods

  • Netting adults during flight
  • Searching for larvae on host plants

Preservation Methods

  • Freezing specimens
  • Drying specimens
  • Mounting on pins

Evolution

Believed to have originated in the Eastern Mediterranean; spread due to the diversification of brassicaceous crops and human trade routes.

Similar Taxa

Misconceptions

Often mistaken for moths due to their plain appearance; sometimes believed to only feed on cabbage although they feed on various crucifers.

Tags

  • butterfly
  • pest
  • agriculture
  • invasive species
  • pollinator