Plusiina

Pronunciation

How to pronounce Plusiina: //pluˈsiː.ɪ.nə//

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Summary

The Plusiina subtribe comprises a group of diverse owlet moths characterized by distinct wing patterns and ecological roles as herbivores and pollinators. They have significant agricultural impacts due to their larval feeding habits.

Physical Characteristics

Adult moths exhibit a variety of shades including browns, grays, and colorful markings. They possess a nodular sclerite in the metathorax and trifine hindwing venation. Larvae are typically green or brown and may present bright colors. Pupae range from shiny brown to dark brown and eggs are spherical with varied colors.

Identification Tips

Look for wing markings including a claviform stigma, a discal stigma, and a reniform stigma. Crossbands or crosslines may be noted on the wings. Larvae can be recognized by their smooth, pudgy appearance with rounded short heads.

Habitat

Noctuidae moths are cosmopolitan, inhabiting various environments worldwide, except Antarctica. They are found in diverse ecological niches, from arctic tundra to tropical regions.

Distribution

Found globally, with significant diversity in North America (2,522 species) and Europe (1,576 species). Species are also recorded in high elevations up to 4,000 m.

Diet

Caterpillars primarily feed on herbaceous and woody plants, some of which are toxic. Adults typically consume nectar and other liquid food sources.

Life Cycle

Life cycle includes egg, larval, pupal, and adult stages. Moths are generally multivoltine but some species are univoltine.

Reproduction

Noctuid moths reproduce from spring to fall, with courtship involving movements and pheromone signaling. Some species have one brood while others have multiple.

Predators

Natural predators include birds, bats, and other insectivores, as well as various parasitic organisms targeting larvae.

Ecosystem Role

They play a significant role in pollination and serve both as herbivores and prey in their ecosystems.

Economic Impact

Numerous noctuid species are agricultural pests, causing significant crop damage. Notably, the Old World bollworm causes damages exceeding $2 billion annually.

Collecting Methods

• Light trapping
• Netting during flight
• Lure trapping with pheromones

Preservation Methods

• Pinning
• Setting in spreading boards
• Alcohol preservation for larvae

Evolution

Noctuidae classification is currently debated, with ongoing molecular studies revealing complex relationships within Lepidoptera. Many clades are in flux between Noctuidae and Erebidae.

Similar Taxa

• Erebidae
• Acronictinae
• Heliothinae

Misconceptions

Often confused with other moth families and considered harmful as they can cause crop losses, but they also provide ecological benefits as pollinators.

Tags

• Noctuidae
• moths
• agriculture
• pollinators
• ecology