Dialeurodes

Species in this genus occur across Europe (France, Corsica, Greece, Italy, Malta, Sardinia, Sicily, Spain, Turkey), Africa (Algeria), Asia (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, China including Beijing and multiple provinces, Hong Kong, India across numerous states, Israel, Japan, South Korea, Lebanon, Macau, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, former USSR republics including Azerbaijan, Georgia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Russia's Krasnodar area), North America (USA including Alabama, California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia, and Washington DC), Central America and Caribbean (Bahamas, Bermuda, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Puerto Rico), and South America (Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Guyana, Peru).

Dialeurodes citri exhibits multiple population peaks annually. In Egypt, three peaks occurred in October, April, and August during one season, and two peaks in January and August the following year. In California orange orchards, population dynamics were tracked across three generations over two years with variable timing.

• Citrus - primary hostD. citri attacks multiple Citrus species; D. citrifolii also associated with citrus based on species epithet and common name
• Coffea arabica - hostD. citri
• Gardenia jasminoides - hostD. citri
• Melia - hostD. citri
• Swida - hostD. swidi described from Taiwan, host association implied by species epithet

Dialeurodes citri development includes egg, three nymphal instars, pupal stage, and adult. Mean fecundity: 151 eggs per female. Incubation period: approximately 13 days. First instar duration: approximately 13 days; second instar: approximately 11 days; third instar: approximately 15 days. Pupal duration averages 108 days. Adult longevity: males approximately 16-17 days, females approximately 19 days. Total life cycle duration: approximately 179 days for males, 180 days for females. Preimaginal mortality in field populations ranges from 56% to 94%.

Dialeurodes citri serves as host for parasitoids including Encarsia lahorensis, with parasitism rates reaching 36-52% in field studies. High survival rates in California populations (despite substantial mortality) contribute to pest status; natural enemy augmentation has been proposed for biological control.

D. citri is a significant agricultural pest of citrus, coffee, and ornamental plants requiring insecticide applications and biological control interventions. Organophosphorus insecticides and newer formulations have been tested for efficacy. The species has been subject to classical biological control through introduction of parasitoids such as Encarsia lahorensis in France and other regions.

• Other Aleyrodidae generaDialeurodes species possess typical whitefly morphology; D. swidi distinguished from congeners by abundant large dorsal tubercles each bearing a geminate pore. Identification keys to puparia and adults of Taiwanese Dialeurodes species have been published.

• BugGuide
• Wikipedia
• GBIF taxonomy match
• iNaturalist taxon
• NCBI Taxonomy
• Catalogue of Life
• Dialeurodes citri . [Distribution map].
• Dialeurodes citri . [Distribution map].
• Cloudywinged Whitefly, Dialeurodes citrigolii (Morgan) (Insecta: Homoptera: Aleyrodidae: Aleyrodina)
• Seasonal Population Trends of Lepidosaphes beckii, Dialeurodes citri and its Parasitoids on Balady Orange Orchid in Egypt
• Fecundity, survival and life cycle of the citrus white-fly, Dialeurodes citri (Ashm.)
• Distribution on the Côte d'Azur of Encarsia lahorensis (How.), a parasite introduced against the citrus white-fly, Dialeurodes citri (Ashm.)
• Stability in the host-parasitoid relationship of Dialeurodes citri and Encarsia lahorensis in the citrus orchard
• STUDYING THE EFFICACY OF ALLCHUNGKILL CYC.K. AGAINST CITRUS CITRUS WHITEFLY (DIALEURODES CITRI ASHM.) IN CULTURE LEMON
• Field population biology of citrus whitefly, Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead) (Heteroptera: Aleyrodidae), on oranges in California
• Biology of citrus whitefly, Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead) on Citrus reticulate (Mandarin) var. Kinnow
• New species of Dialeurodes Cockerell (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) with diagnoses and keys to puparia and adults from Taiwan
• EFFECIENCY OF TWO ORGANOPHOSPHOURUS INSECTICIDES ON THE CITRUS WHITEFLY, DIALEURODES CITRI WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THEIR RESIDUAL BEHAVIOUR ON ORANGE FRUITS.