Subsocial-insects
Guides
Hoplophorionini
Hoplophorionini is a tribe of treehoppers (Membracidae) comprising 105 species in 10 genera, distributed from Canada to Chile with highest diversity in the Neotropics. Members are characterized by elaborate pronotal modifications and, uniquely among Membracidae, are apparently subsocial and lack mutualistic associations with honeydew-collecting ants. Parental investment includes specialized defensive kicking behavior and construction of extra-ovipositional punctures in host tissue through which nymphs feed.
Zoraptera
angel insects, ground lice
Zoraptera is a small insect order containing approximately 30–51 extant species across two families (Zorotypidae and Spiralizoridae). These tiny insects exhibit remarkable wing dimorphism: most individuals are wingless, pale, and eyeless, while a minority develop as dark, winged alates with compound eyes and ocelli that can shed their wings at a basal fracture line. They inhabit tropical and subtropical forests worldwide, living cryptically under bark, in rotting wood, or in leaf litter. Their phylogenetic position remains debated, with morphological evidence linking them to Embioptera and molecular data suggesting affinity with Dictyoptera or Dermaptera.