Pantropical-distribution
Guides
Coliadinae
Yellows, Sulphurs, Yellows and Sulphurs
Coliadinae is a subfamily of Pieridae butterflies comprising approximately 300 described species, commonly known as yellows or sulphurs for their characteristic coloration. The subfamily is divided into two well-supported monophyletic groups: the Coliadini (clouded yellows, brimstones, and sulphurs) and the Euremini (grass yellows). Many species exhibit strong sexual dimorphism, with males often displaying ultraviolet-reflective wing patches absent in females. The group has a global distribution with particularly high diversity in tropical and subtropical regions.
Neospintharus
Neospintharus is a genus of comb-footed spiders in the family Theridiidae, subfamily Argyrodinae. First described by Exline in 1950, it was synonymized with Argyrodes in 1962 but revalidated in 2004. Phylogenetic studies confirm it as sister group to Rhomphaea within monophyletic Argyrodinae. The genus comprises free-living species that are not kleptoparasitic, distinguishing them from other Argyrodinae genera.
Pseudomyrmecinae
big-eyed tree ants, big-eyed ants
Pseudomyrmecinae is a subfamily of slender, hyperoptic arboreal ants comprising three genera: Pseudomyrmex (~200 species, Neotropical), Tetraponera (~100 species, Palaeotropical), and Myrcidris (two species, South America). The subfamily originated in the Palaeotropics during the Cretaceous and later dispersed to South America, where it underwent significant diversification. At least twelve independent origins of obligate mutualisms with domatia-bearing plants have occurred within this group, making it the most diverse plant-occupying ant lineage worldwide.