Giant Scale Insects
Monophlebidae
Classification
- Phylum: Arthropoda
- Subphylum: Hexapoda
- Class: Insecta
- Order: Hemiptera
- Suborder: Sternorrhyncha
- Superfamily: Coccoidea
- Family: Monophlebidae
Pronunciation
How to pronounce Monophlebidae: /mɒnəʊˈfliːbɪdiː/
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Summary
Monophlebidae, commonly known as giant scales, is a family of scale insects recognized for their large, rounded females and diverse morphology. They inhabit mostly tropical regions and are known to affect a variety of woody plants.
Physical Characteristics
Giant scales have an elongated oval body; many species grow to a length of one centimetre long, with the African species Aspidoproctus maximus achieving 35 mm long. Adult females have six dark coloured legs and conspicuous antennae. Many genera have a waxy coating, while some do not. Various species have some form of ovisac or marsupium.
Identification Tips
Look for large, rounded female scale insects on the stems, branches, and leaves of host plants, typically with a waxy coating. Adult females are larger than males and exhibit a more characteristic body shape.
Habitat
Giant scales occur in most parts of the world, predominantly in tropical regions where they are found on trees and woody shrubs.
Distribution
Worldwide distribution, with approximately 270 species in about 50 genera.
Diet
Giant scales feed on the sap of various host plants, primarily trees and woody shrubs.
Life Cycle
Giant scales infest the stems, branches, and leaves of their host plants. They generally have four female and five male instars, with mobile prepupal instars that may possess developed wing buds, legs, and antennae.
Ecosystem Role
Giant scales can have negative impacts on their host plants, potentially serving as pests that can lead to economic loss in agriculture.
Economic Impact
The cottony cushion scale Icerya purchasi is a serious commercial pest on many families of woody plants, particularly citrus.
Evolution
Monophlebidae was once classified as a subfamily of Margarodidae, but was recognized as a separate family due to significant morphological and biological variation within Margarodidae. They appear to be a monophyletic group.
Similar Taxa
- Margarodidae
- Drosicha corpulenta
- Icerya purchasi
Misconceptions
Some may confuse giant scales with other types of scale insects due to their size and appearance.
Tags
- Monophlebidae
- Giant Scale Insects
- Coccoidea
- Pests
- Plant Health