Zopherini
Zopherini
Classification
- Phylum: Arthropoda
- Subphylum: Hexapoda
- Class: Insecta
- Order: Coleoptera
- Suborder: Polyphaga
- Superfamily: Tenebrionoidea
- Family: Zopheridae
- Subfamily: Zopherinae
- Tribe: Zopherini
Pronunciation
How to pronounce Zopherini: /ˌzoʊfəˈraɪnaɪ/
These audio files are automatically generated. While they are not always 100% accurate, they are a good starting point.
Images
Summary
Phloeodes diabolicus, commonly known as the diabolical ironclad beetle, is a highly durable, flightless beetle native to California and Baja California known for its long lifespan and unique shell structure that protects it from predation and environmental stresses.
Physical Characteristics
Phloeodes diabolicus has a flattened shape and low-to-the-ground profile, with thick, densely layered, interlocking elytra that provide exceptional durability. The exoskeleton is tough and resistant to crushing, able to withstand forces of up to 149 newtons. It has a jigsaw-like layering of scales and a protein-rich cuticle that offers strength and flexibility.
Identification Tips
This species can be identified by its inch-long size, flattened shape, and interlocking elytra that are very hard to crush. It is flightless and has a unique shell structure that makes it difficult for collectors to pin specimens traditionally.
Habitat
Native to the California Floristic Province, specifically in the states of California and Baja California. It is often found beneath the bark of decomposing oak trees.
Distribution
Primarily found in California and Baja California; it has a broader range that includes portions of southern Oregon and an isolated sister species located in similar habitats.
Diet
Primarily feeds on fungi growing under rotting wood, particularly favoring white rot fungi associated with oak trees.
Life Cycle
Phloeodes diabolicus is holometabolous, meaning it undergoes complete metamorphosis from larva to adult. The larvae are adapted for wood boring, with a larger thorax and smaller legs than non-wood boring beetles.
Reproduction
Males possess a waxy secretion that serves as a secondary sex characteristic, which may play a role in sexual attraction.
Predators
Birds and lizards are known predators, but Phloeodes diabolicus's tough shell and ability to play dead may help it avoid predation.
Ecosystem Role
As a decomposer, it plays a critical role in breaking down rotten wood and fungi, contributing to nutrient cycling in its ecosystem.
Collecting Methods
- Drilling a hole in the shell to insert a pin for mounting.
Preservation Methods
- Standard pinning techniques, though difficulty arises from the toughness of the exoskeleton.
Evolution
Initially classified under Nosoderma, this beetle was reclassified as Phloeodes. The taxonomic classification has changed multiple times throughout the species' history, indicating an evolving understanding of its phylogenetics.
Similar Taxa
Misconceptions
Some may confuse it with other beetle species or families, particularly due to its historical classification under Nosoderma.
Tags
- beetle
- Zopheridae
- Phloeodes
- durable
- California
- fungivore