Pronotal-modification
Guides
Harpactorini
Harpactorini is the most diverse tribe within the assassin bug family Reduviidae, containing 289 genera and approximately 2000 species globally. The tribe is distinguished by several genera exhibiting exaggerated pronotal modifications, including the wheel-shaped pronotum of Arilus and the strongly raised, divided posterior pronotal lobe in Ulpius. Many species engage in wasp mimicry, resembling Hymenoptera through body shape, coloration, and wing patterns. Sexual dimorphism is common, with differences in size, body configuration, eye size, and antennal structure between males and females.
Umbonia
Thorn Treehoppers
Umbonia is a genus of treehoppers in the family Membracidae, characterized by pronounced pronotal modifications that form thorn-like or horn-like projections. The genus occurs primarily in the Neotropics, with species distributed from the southern United States through Central America to South America. Members of this genus exhibit subsocial behavior, with females providing extended parental care to nymphal offspring. Several species, particularly Umbonia crassicornis, have been studied intensively for their complex maternal care systems involving vibrational communication between mothers and offspring. The genus includes approximately 16 described species, with Umbonia crassicornis being the most commonly encountered and economically significant species.