Marine-cladoceran
Guides
Penilia avirostris
Penilia avirostris is a marine cladoceran crustacean in the family Sididae, distributed across temperate and tropical coastal waters worldwide. It is a holoplanktonic species that exhibits cyclical parthenogenesis, with populations shifting between asexual and sexual reproduction in response to environmental cues. The species has been observed to undergo diel vertical migration and shows strong sensitivity to temperature, with optimal growth around 18°C but tolerance ranging from 12°C to 30°C. Population dynamics are closely tied to seasonal temperature fluctuations, with dramatic increases reported in warming waters.