Feminization
Guides
Eurema
Grass Yellows, Grass Yellow
Eurema is a widespread genus of grass yellow butterflies in the family Pieridae, comprising over 70 species distributed across Asia, Africa, Australia, Oceania, and the New World. The genus exhibits remarkable evolutionary phenomena including Wolbachia-induced feminization in multiple species, where genetic males are converted into functional females. Many species are characterized by seasonal diphenism—producing distinct wet-season and dry-season wing morphs. The type species is the North American barred yellow (Eurema daira).
Mermessus fradeorum
Mermessus fradeorum is a small sheet-weaving spider (family Linyphiidae) originally described from North America and subsequently introduced to multiple regions worldwide. The species has gained scientific attention as an emerging model organism for studying heritable bacterial symbiont communities. Individual spiders can simultaneously host up to five distinct maternally transmitted bacteria, including Rickettsiella, Wolbachia, and Tisiphia, making this species valuable for research on multi-symbiont interactions and temperature effects on symbiont community dynamics.