Pangoniinae

Long-tongue Horse Flies

Pangoniinae is a of horse- ( , ) comprising seven tribes and over 40 . Members are distinguished from other Tabanidae by the presence of and an antennal typically bearing eight rings. The subfamily includes some of the most known Tabanidae, with most being low-flying and non-bloodfeeding. Australian Pangoniinae show east coastal distribution with a secondary center in Western Australia.

Apatolestes by (c) Zack Abbey, some rights reserved (CC BY), uploaded by Zack Abbey. Used under a CC-BY license.

Apatolestes actites by (c) Keir Morse, some rights reserved (CC BY), uploaded by Keir Morse. Used under a CC-BY license.

Stonemyia velutina by (c) Trevor Van Loon, some rights reserved (CC BY), uploaded by Trevor Van Loon. Used under a CC-BY license.

Pronunciation

How to pronounce Pangoniinae: //pænˈɡoʊ.ni.aɪni//

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Identification

Distinguished from other by: (1) presence of (), and (2) antennal usually with eight rings. Australian Pangoniini exhibit progressive reduction in female , divisions of the third antennal , and hind tibial .

Images

Distribution

Widespread across multiple biogeographic regions: Palaearctic (including Lebanon), Nearctic, Neotropical, Ethiopian, Oriental, and Australasian (Australia, New Guinea, New Zealand). In Australia, principal distribution is east coastal from Torres Strait to southern New South Wales, with a secondary center in Western Australia; absent from Tasmania.

Diet

Most in Australian Pangoniini do not suck blood; bloodfeeding habits of other tribes not documented in available sources.

Behavior

Most Australian Pangoniini are low-flying .

Similar Taxa

Other Tabanidae subfamiliesLack and have different antennal structure (typically not eight-ringed)

More Details

Tribal classification

Seven tribes recognized: Braunsiomyiini, Goniopsini, Mycteromyiini, Pangoniini, Philolichini, Scionini, and Scepsidini. Tribes Goniopsini and Mycteromyiini were established by Lessard (2014) through revision of Scionini.

Primitive characteristics

Australian Pangoniini include the most known , representing early-diverging lineages within the .