Ceratopogonidae

Common name

Biting midges, no-see-ums

Overview

Ceratopogonidae, commonly known as biting midges or no-see-ums, are a family of small flies found worldwide. These minute insects are known for their painful bites and role as vectors for various pathogens.

Taxonomy

Key Characteristics

  • Very small size (1–3 mm)
  • Slender bodies with long legs
  • Wings often mottled or patterned
  • Short antennae with multiple segments
  • Blood-feeding species possess mouthparts capable of piercing skin

Life Cycle

  1. Egg: Laid in moist environments such as mud, rotting vegetation, or water bodies
  2. Larva: Aquatic or semi-aquatic, feeding on small organic particles and microorganisms
  3. Pupa: Transitional stage where larvae transform into adults
  4. Adult: Emerge to mate and feed, often engaging in blood feeding for females

Behavior and Ecology

  • Many species are crepuscular or nocturnal.
  • Female midges often feed on blood to obtain protein for egg development.
  • Males typically feed on nectar and do not bite humans.
  • Found in diverse habitats, from coastal regions to inland areas, near water bodies or moist environments.

Notable Species

Conservation

  • Generally not a focus of conservation efforts due to their status as pests and disease vectors.
  • Control measures include habitat management, use of insect repellents, and trap devices.

Significance to Humans

  • Known for causing discomfort and allergic reactions due to their bites.
  • Vector of pathogens causing diseases in humans and animals, including bluetongue disease and Oropouche fever.
  • Affect outdoor activities and livestock health, leading to economic impacts in tourism and agriculture.

Fun Facts

  • Some species are so small they can pass through standard insect screens.
  • Not all Ceratopogonidae bite; many are non-blood feeders.
  • In some cultures, these insects are colloquially known as "sand flies," though this term can also refer to other biting insects.