Spirobolida
Spirobolida
Classification
- Phylum: Arthropoda
- Subphylum: Myriapoda
- Class: Diplopoda
- Order: Spirobolida
Pronunciation
How to pronounce Spirobolida: /ˌspɪroʊˈbɒlɪdə/
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Summary
Spirobolida is an order of 'round-backed' millipedes characterized by their cylindrical bodies, distinct head morphology, and significant ecological roles in decomposing organic matter. With about 500 species globally, they exhibit a range of colors and sizes.
Physical Characteristics
Dorsal groove and paranota absent, typically more than 30 segments, and can reach lengths of up to 200 mm in some extralimital species. Mature males have two pairs of modified legs (gonopods) consisting of the 8th and 9th leg pair.
Identification Tips
A vertical suture on the lower front of the head extends upwards from the labrum, distinguishing Spirobolida from Julida and Spirostrepsida. Eyes are usually present in species of this order.
Habitat
Most species live in tropical environments, often in leaf litter or forest floor habitats.
Distribution
Approximately 500 species worldwide, with about 35 species occurring in North America, of which 2 are introduced.
Diet
Primarily detritivores, feeding on decaying leaves and plant material.
Life Cycle
The life cycle is not detailed, but like other millipedes, they undergo a series of molts as they grow.
Reproduction
Mature males use their posterior gonopods for sperm transfer, with their anterior gonopods fused into a single plate-like structure.
Ecosystem Role
Members of Spirobolida contribute to the decomposition of organic matter, helping recycle nutrients in their ecosystems.
Collecting Methods
- Hand collecting
- Pitfall traps
- Berlese funnels
Preservation Methods
- Ethanol
- Drying specimens
- Freezing for short-term storage
Evolution
The order Spirobolida is defined by distinct morphological features that differentiate it from other millipede orders, evolving a unique reproductive strategy with modified gonopods.
Similar Taxa
- Julida
- Spirostrepsida
Misconceptions
Often misidentified as other millipede orders due to their similar morphology but can be distinguished by specific anatomical features such as the head suture and gonopods.
Tags
- Spirobolida
- millipedes
- arthropods
- tropical species
- decomposers