Pharaoh and Timid Ants
Monomorium
Classification
- Phylum: Arthropoda
- Subphylum: Hexapoda
- Class: Insecta
- Order: Hymenoptera
- Superfamily: Formicoidea
- Family: Formicidae
- Subfamily: Myrmicinae
- Tribe: Solenopsidini
- Genus: Monomorium
Pronunciation
How to pronounce Monomorium: //ˌmɒnəˈmɔːriəm//
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Images
Summary
Monomorium is a diverse genus of ants in the subfamily Myrmicinae, comprising many species recognized for their varied morphology and ecological roles. It includes pest species and has a global distribution, especially in tropical regions.
Physical Characteristics
Monomorium is diverse in morphology with worker sizes ranging from 1-2 mm, and in some species, the worker caste is monomorphic while in others it is polymorphic. Most species possess large, multifaceted eyes, although some such as M. inusuale have reduced eyes. The sting is always functional.
Identification Tips
Species do not necessarily resemble one another at first glance; therefore, careful examination is required to identify specific species based on morphological characteristics.
Habitat
Nests are commonly found in rotting wood, under rocks, or in the soil. Some species are also found in human buildings.
Distribution
Monomorium is distributed worldwide, most diverse in Africa and Australasia; native species are common in the Old World tropics, with an introduction of specific species to colder climates.
Diet
Some species are scavengers while others collect seeds.
Life Cycle
Life cycle details vary by species; information is limited.
Reproduction
Reproductive strategies may differ; detailed reproductive behaviors for the genus as a whole are not well-defined.
Predators
Many ants have venom containing alkaloids used for defense against various predators; specific predators of Monomorium species are not well-documented.
Ecosystem Role
Monomorium ants play roles in soil aeration and seed dispersal due to their nesting and foraging behaviors; they also serve as prey for a variety of organisms.
Economic Impact
Includes several pest species, notably the pharaoh ant (M. pharaonis), which is a significant indoor pest, particularly in human dwellings.
Collecting Methods
- Pitfall traps
- Hand collecting
Preservation Methods
- Pinning
- Ethanol preservation
Evolution
The genus has undergone revisions and expansions over the years, with several genera being synonymized with Monomorium. Its evolutionary placement is still scrutinized with ongoing molecular studies.
Similar Taxa
Misconceptions
Due to their small size and similarity to other ant genera, Monomorium species may be overlooked or misidentified as other ants.
Tags
- Monomorium
- ants
- Myrmicinae
- pest species
- insecta