Eriophora

Simon, 1895

Eriophora is a of -weaver in the Araneidae, first described by Eugène Simon in 1895. The genus name derives from Ancient Greek roots meaning "wool bearing." are found in tropical climates across the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Most species construct orb webs for capture, with some exhibiting notable variation in web architecture. The genus includes both solitary and colonial species, with E. bistriata demonstrating social organization including communal web construction and feeding. One species, E. transmarina (now reclassified as Hortophora transmarina), was the subject of a NASA space experiment in 2003 to study web-building in microgravity.

Eriophora by no rights reserved, uploaded by Zygy. Used under a CC0 license.

Eriophora ravilla 252864167 by James M. Maley. Used under a CC BY 4.0 license.

Eriophora ravilla 258798664 by Sandra H Statner. Used under a CC BY 4.0 license.

Pronunciation

How to pronounce Eriophora: //ˌɛɹiˈɒfərə//

These audio files are automatically generated. While they are not always 100% accurate, they are a good starting point.

Identification

Distinguished from other Araneidae by the combination of: third present; females with elongated ; males with enlarged second leg . E. ravilla identifiable by dark and abdominal "shoulders," plus color pattern. E. fuliginea distinguished by unusually large, asymmetrical web architecture. E. nephiloides and E. ravilla sometimes confused with Neoscona crucifera (barn ) but differ in color pattern and strictly .

Images

Appearance

-weaver with variable coloration ranging from bright green (E. nephiloides, occasionally E. ravilla) to reddish- to gray. Abdominal may display spots or stripes. Females are larger than males and possess a very long . Males have an enlarged on the second leg. All possess a third used in web construction. E. fuliginea constructs exceptionally large webs (1.6–3 m diameter) with an open hub in the upper third.

Habitat

Tropical climates; specific microhabitats include intertidal mangrove marshes (E. ravilla in Florida), forests, and agricultural areas. Colonial E. bistriata occupies tropical forest where communal web construction occurs.

Distribution

Tropical regions of the Americas (USA to Brazil, Honduras to Guyana, Guatemala), Africa (Congo, Ethiopia), and Asia (China). Specific records from: USA, Brazil, Honduras, Guatemala, Guyana, China, Congo, Ethiopia. E. ravilla: circum-Caribbean distribution including Florida. E. transmarina: Australasia (subject of 2003 space shuttle experiment).

Seasonality

Activity patterns vary by . E. ravilla and are strictly , hiding in curled leaves during daylight and constructing webs at night, consuming them by morning. Activity year-round in tropical .

Diet

; consists of flying captured in webs. Communal feeding observed in colonial E. bistriata. E. sp. webs in Ecuador documented capturing small vertebrate prey (Thyroptera tricolor bat).

Life Cycle

Developmental stages include , spiderling, and . present: females larger with elongated ; males with modified second leg . Colonial E. bistriata exhibits social organization with communal web construction and absence of inter-individual hostility. E. transmarina individuals reached 2nd–3rd in laboratory rearing.

Behavior

Primarily web-building ; E. ravilla and strictly nocturnal, constructing large webs (up to 1 m wide) nightly and consuming them by morning. Web architecture varies: most build balanced symmetrical webs of small to size; E. fuliginea constructs large (1.6–3 m diameter), asymmetrical webs with open hub in upper third. Colonial species E. bistriata exhibits social organization including common hunting web construction, communal feeding, and absence of aggression between individuals. E. transmarina demonstrated rapid to microgravity, building webs in approximately half the time required by earth-bound controls during 2003 space shuttle experiment.

Ecological Role

of flying ; contributes to -vertebrate connections through occasional capture of small bats. Colonial may influence local insect structure through communal .

Human Relevance

Subject of scientific research including 2003 NASA space shuttle experiment (STS-107) studying web-building in microgravity. E. transmarina was first documented building webs in orbit, though all specimens perished in Columbia disaster. Some photographed as subjects of macrophotography studies.

Similar Taxa

Neoscona cruciferaSimilar appearance to E. ravilla; distinguished by activity, different abdominal color pattern, and lack of dark with shoulder markings
ArgiopeBoth Araneidae -weavers; Argiope typically with different web architecture ( often present) and lack the elongated and male leg modifications of Eriophora
Hortophora transmarinaFormerly classified as Eriophora transmarina; reclassified to separate but similar in general -weaver and web-building

More Details

Space Flight Research

Eriophora transmarina (now Hortophora transmarina) was selected for the 2003 NASA ' in Space' experiment due to its consistently symmetrical web architecture, which allowed rapid identification of modifications under microgravity. Eight individuals launched aboard Space Shuttle Columbia on STS-107 (January 16, 2003). Low-resolution images received during the mission indicated successful web construction in microgravity, with lead spider 'Wako' completing her web in roughly half the time of earth-based controls. All specimens were lost in the Columbia re-entry disaster on February 1, 2003.

Taxonomic History

Most now placed in Eriophora were previously classified under Araneus. As of July 2022, the contains seven recognized species: E. conica, E. edax, E. fuliginea, E. nephiloides, E. neufvilleorum, E. ravilla, and E. virgata.

Social Behavior

Eriophora bistriata exhibits colonial social organization rare among -weavers, including communal web construction, communal feeding, and absence of inter-individual aggression. This has been compared to other colonial under Shear's (1970) evolutionary framework for sociality in spiders.