Sample

Definition

A representative subset of individuals, material, or data drawn from a larger population, habitat, or collection for analysis, identification, or inference. In field biology and entomology, a sample typically comprises specimens collected through standardized methods—such as sweep netting, pitfall trapping, or timed visual surveys—to estimate species composition, abundance, or ecological parameters without exhaustive census.

Etymology

From Old French essample, exemplum, meaning a pattern or instance taken as representative.

Example

A researcher establishes ten pitfall traps in a meadow to sample ground-dwelling beetle (Carabidae) diversity, with the combined catch representing the local assemblage for comparison across habitat types.

Synonyms

• specimen series
• subsampling
• collecting event

Related Terms

• specimen
• Population
• sampling bias
• Type specimen
• voucher specimen
• quadrat
• transect
• standardized sampling

Usage Notes

Distinguish from individual 'specimen' (a single collected organism) and 'type specimen' (a designated name-bearing individual). Sampling design—random, stratified, systematic—determines inferential validity; convenience samples risk bias. In molecular work, 'sample' may refer to extracted DNA or tissue rather than whole organisms. Archival samples in museums enable retrospective studies of phenological or genetic change.