Exotic

Definition

Introduced from another geographic region or biogeographic realm; not native to the ecosystem or region under consideration. In ecology and conservation, denotes species transported by human activity (intentionally or accidentally) beyond their historical native range, regardless of whether they establish self-sustaining populations. Contrasts with native (indigenous) and endemic. Distinct from invasive, which requires demonstrated ecological or economic harm.

Etymology

From Greek exōtikos 'foreign,' from exō 'outside.'

Example

The exotic red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta), native to South America, now dominates disturbed habitats across the southeastern United States.

Synonyms

• non-native
• introduced
• Alien

Related Terms

• native
• Invasive
• Endemic
• naturalized
• Adventive
• range expansion

Usage Notes

Specialists use 'exotic' as a neutral biogeographic descriptor without implying impact, whereas 'invasive' carries mandatory harm assessment. Some regional guidelines restrict 'alien' to regulatory contexts. 'Exotic' can apply to populations (established or not) and is sometimes used in horticulture/aquaculture for any non-local stock, including within-country translocations. Contrast with 'cryptogenic' for species of uncertain origin.