Tipulidae

Common Name

Crane Flies

Overview

The family Tipulidae, commonly referred to as crane flies, comprises a large group of insects that belong to the order Diptera. These insects are often mistaken for large mosquitoes due to their long legs and slender bodies but are, in fact, harmless to humans.

Taxonomy

• Kingdom: Animalia
• Phylum: Arthropoda
• Class: Insecta
• Order: Diptera
• Family: Tipulidae

Key Characteristics

• Appearance: Long, slender legs; elongated bodies; narrow wings.
• Size: Ranges from 2 mm to over 100 mm in length.
• Wings: Two membranous wings with a reduced pair of hind wings known as halteres.
• Antennae: Generally long and segmented, varying in length and shape among species.

Life Cycle

• Egg: Females lay eggs in moist soil, water, or decaying organic material.
• Larva: Known as leatherjackets, these larvae are cylindrical, legless, and have a tough skin. They feed on roots and decaying plant material.
• Pupa: The pupal stage occurs in the soil. Pupae are immobile and do not feed.
• Adult: Adults have short lifespans, typically ranging from a few days to a week. They do not feed and are primarily focused on reproduction.

Behavior and Ecology

• Habitat: Found in a variety of habitats including wetlands, forests, grasslands, and urban areas.
• Diet: Larvae feed on plant roots, decaying wood, and other organic matter. Adults generally do not feed.
• Activity: Most species are active during twilight and nighttime.
• Predators: Birds, bats, and other insects prey on crane flies.

Notable Species

• Tipula paludosa: Common European crane fly, known for its agricultural impact as a pest.
• Nephrotoma suturalis: A striking species with patterned wings often found in North America.

Conservation

Crane flies are not generally considered endangered, but their larvae play an important role in soil aeration and nutrient cycling. Habitat destruction and pesticide use can impact their populations.

Significance to Humans

• Agricultural Impact: Some species' larvae, such as those of Tipula paludosa, can damage crops by feeding on roots.
• Ecological Role: Serve as prey for various birds and other wildlife.
• Nuisance: Often mistaken for large mosquitoes but do not bite or transmit diseases.

Fun Facts

• Crane flies can have wingspans up to 11 cm, making them one of the largest true flies.
• Despite their delicate appearance, crane fly larvae have a tough outer skin, earning them the nickname "leatherjackets."
• Crane flies have a worldwide distribution, with over 15,000 species described.
• Some crane fly species thrive in alpine environments, living in cold, high-altitude regions.