Scathophagidae

Common name

Dungflies

Overview

Scathophagidae, commonly known as dung flies, are a family of small- to medium-sized flies. They are often associated with animal excrement, where many of their larvae develop. Despite their unsavory association with dung, these insects play critical roles in ecosystems by helping with the decomposition of organic materials.

Taxonomy

Key Characteristics

  • Size : Generally range from 3 to 10 mm in length.
  • Color : Often yellow, brown, or grey.
  • Antennae : Short and three-segmented.
  • Wings : Clear, sometimes with faint markings.
  • Body Shape : Usually robust with a somewhat hairy appearance.

Life Cycle

Scathophagid flies undergo complete metamorphosis with four distinct stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult.

  • Egg : Laid on or near dung.
  • Larva : Maggot-like, feeding primarily on microbes within the dung.
  • Pupa : Forms a puparium in the soil or decaying organic matter.
  • Adult : Emerges from the puparium to mate and lay eggs.

Behavior and Ecology

  • Feeding : Adults typically feed on nectar, pollen, and other small insects. Larvae are decomposers, mainly thriving in dung.
  • Habitat : Predominantly found in pastures, meadows, and other areas where large herbivores are present.
  • Role in Ecosystem : Decomposing animal waste, thereby recycling nutrients into the ecosystem and preventing the spread of pathogens.

Notable Species

  • Scathophaga stercoraria : Common yellow dung fly, often seen on cow pats and other large herbivore dung.
  • Norellia spinipes : Found primarily on flowers, differing slightly in habitat choice from most Scathophagidae.

Conservation

Most species within the Scathophagidae family are not under significant conservation threat. However, their habitats are influenced by the availability of large herbivore dung, which can fluctuate due to agricultural practices.

Significance to Humans

While dung flies might seem unpleasant, they serve essential functions in nutrient recycling and waste management. By breaking down animal waste, they help mitigate harmful bacteria and contribute to soil health.

Fun Facts

  • Rapid Reproducers : Some species can go from egg to adult in less than two weeks during favorable conditions.
  • Winter Survivors : Many species can remain in the pupal stage through winter, emerging in spring.
  • Predatory Adults : Some adult scathophagids are known to hunt other small insects, providing natural pest control.
  • Mating Behavior : Males often claim dung pats to attract females, engaging in fierce battles with rivals.