Cicadellidae

Common Name

Leafhoppers

Overview

Cicadellidae, commonly known as leafhoppers, is a family comprising thousands of species of small, plant-feeding insects. They are found virtually everywhere, inhabiting various terrains ranging from rainforests to deserts.

Taxonomy

Key Characteristics

  • Size: Typically 2-15 mm.
  • Coloration: Varies significantly, often displaying bright and intricate patterns.
  • Body Shape: Slender and elongated; hind legs are well-adapted for jumping.
  • Wings: Two pairs, the forewings are often leathery or membranous.
  • Antennae: Short, bristle-like (aristate).

Life Cycle

  • Egg: Laid on plant tissues, usually under the bark or in the veins.
  • Nymph: Undergoes multiple molts; wingless stages closely resemble adults.
  • Adult: Reproductive stage with fully developed wings.

Behavior and Ecology

Leafhoppers are sap-sucking insects, using their specialized mouthparts to feed on plant juices. They play roles both as pests and as transporters of plant pathogens. They are also known for their remarkable jumping abilities, often escaping threats with a swift leap.

Notable Species

  • Empoasca fabae (Potato leafhopper)
  • Graphocephala coccinea (Candy-striped leafhopper)
  • Scaphoideus titanus (Vector of the grapevine disease Flavescence dorée)

Conservation

Leafhoppers are not generally a focus of conservation efforts, as many species are abundant. However, their role in ecosystems as pollinators and as part of the food web is significant.

Significance to Humans

Leafhoppers can be agricultural pests, transmitting various plant diseases such as phytoplasmas and viruses. Management often requires integrated pest control strategies.

Fun Facts

  • Leafhoppers are known for their rapid jumping, which can exceed 100 times their body length.
  • Some species produce vibrant, iridescent colors visible to the naked eye.
  • Leafhoppers communicate through substrate-borne vibrations.
  • The “hopper” in their name refers to their distinctive leaping ability.
  • Despite their small size, their complex behaviors and interactions with plants are subjects of scientific studies.